Vitalik proposed a 2-out-of-3 system for EVM Rollups to reach stage 2.

Vitalik Buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, recently proposed a new proof system architecture for EVM rollups in order to achieve stage 2 (Stage 2) in the layer 2 development roadmap (L2).

According to his post on the Ethereum Magicians forum, this architecture combines three types of proofs: Optimistic (OP), Zero-Knowledge (ZK), and Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), with the goal of providing instant finality (instant finality), meeting the core criteria of phase 2, while minimizing the risk of excessive reliance on a single system.

2-in-3 Architecture: How it Works

Buterin suggested a system in which the state root (state root) of the rollup is considered final based on consensus among different types of proofs:

• If both ZK proof and TEE proof approve the original state, it will be completed immediately.
• If only one of the two (ZK or TEE) approves without consensus from both, the original state will be finalized after 7 days, provided that the optimistic proof game also clearly supports that state.
• In addition, a security council ( can be established to update the logic of TEE proof without delay, while updates for ZK proof or optimistic will require a 30-day delay.

This architecture is designed to meet three main goals, according to Buterin: to provide instant finality under normal circumstances, to comply with the phase 2 criteria ) which includes ensuring that “trustless” systems such as ZK and OP have priority over “partially trusted” factors such as TEE or security councils(, and to avoid over-reliance on ZK in the short term due to the current high error rates of these systems.

Current Progress and Future Directions

Currently, the Ethereum ecosystem is witnessing significant improvements in the security and completeness of L2. Three rollups have reached stage 1 )Stage 1(, and upcoming upgrades like Pectra ) are expected to provide additional blob space ( along with Fusaka 19 ) targeting 72 blobs in Q4 or 12-24 blobs in Q3 ( are anticipated to better support L2 demand. Additionally, high-quality ZK-EVM options are on the rise, promising to shorten completion times.

Buterin proposed three main development directions:

1. Increase the number of blobs: He supports the target of 6 blobs for Pectra and 72 for Fusaka, arguing that this is sufficient to meet the demands of L2.
2. Practical rapid completeness: The 2-in-3 architecture is considered the optimal short-term solution to reach stage 2, reducing transaction times for market makers to 1 hour or less, thereby lowering fees for L2 bridging services based on intent )intent-based bridging(.
3. Development of proof aggregation layers: Buterin emphasized the lack of standardized proof aggregation layers in the Ethereum ecosystem. He called for the establishment of a neutral mechanism that allows applications to use ZK ) as L2, security protocols, and wallet recovery ( to send proofs to a single aggregator, reducing gas costs from N times down to just once at around 500,000 gas.

Challenges and Prospects

Buterin stated that ZK-EVMs are getting closer to the ability to create proofs in a time slot )one-slot proofs(, which is essential for both L1 and L2. However, he warned that completeness bugs )completeness bugs( and soundness bugs )soundness bugs( remain a risk, especially when the ZK source code is widely shared among systems. The 2-in-3 architecture leverages the fundamental differences between ZK and OP to reduce the risk of simultaneous bugs, with the hope that the ecosystem can transition to a “completely trustless” state in the coming years as the bugs are resolved.

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Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not investment advice. Investors should do their own research before making any decisions. We are not responsible for your investment decisions.

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